This document is fully supported by the staff of Pilotfriend. We believe that a code of conduct has been rather long in coming and this proposal is an excellent start.

Introduction
The Aviators’ Model Code of Conduct (Code of Conduct) presents broad guidance and recommendations for General Aviation (GA) pilots to improve airmanship, flight safety, and to sustain and improve the GA community. The Code of Conduct presents a vision of excellence in GA aviation. Its principles both complement and supplement what is merely legal. The Code of Conduct is not a “standard” and is not intended to be implemented as such.

The Principles: The Code of Conduct consists of the following seven sections (each containing principles and sample recommended practices).

1. General Responsibilities of Aviators

2. Passengers and People on the Surface

3. Training and Proficiency

4. Security

5. Environmental Issues

6. Use of Technology

7. Advancement and Promotion of General Aviation

The Sample Recommended Practices (SRPs):

To further the effective use of the Code of Conduct’s principles SRPs offer examples of ways pilots might integrate the principles into their own practices. The SRPs (which encourage selected personal minimums) can help GA pilots and organizations develop practices uniquely suited to their own activities and situations. Unlike the Code of Conduct principles themselves, the Sample Recommended Practices may be modified to satisfy the unique capabilities and requirements of each pilot, mission, aircraft, and GA organization. Some SRPs do in fact exceed the stringency of their associated Code of Conduct principles. They are not presented in any particular order, except that instrument flight rule (IFR)-specific SRPs appear last. Note: Not all flight operations are authorized in all jurisdictions.

Benefits of the Code of Conduct:

The Code of Conduct may benefit pilots and the GA community by:

• highlighting important practices that will help pilots become better, safer aviators,

• addressing individual pilot’s roles within the larger GA community, by examining issues such as improved pilot training, better airmanship, desired pilot conduct, personal responsibility, and pilot’s contributions to the GA community and society at large,

• encouraging the development and adoption of ethical guidelines,

• advancing self-regulation by the GA community instead of burdensome government regulation, and

• promoting GA & making flying a more rewarding experience.

Aviators’ Model Code of Conduct - Principles

I. General Responsibilities of Aviators
Pilots should:

• make safety their number one priority,

• seek excellence in airmanship,

• develop and exercise good judgment,

• recognize and manage risks effectively,

• adhere to prudent operating practices and personal operating parameters (e.g., minimums),

• aspire to professionalism,

• act with responsibility and courtesy, and

• adhere to applicable laws and regulations.

Explanation: Code of Conduct Section I serves as a preamble to and umbrella for the Code of Conduct’s other principles. It emphasizes safety, excellence, risk mgmt. responsibility, and lays the foundation for accountability and heightened diligence.

Sample Recommended Practices:

• Approach flying with the utmost seriousness and diligence, recognizing that your life and the lives of your passengers and others depend on you.

• Recognize, accept and plan for the costs of implementing proper safety practices (often greater than expected).

• Identify prevailing conditions and adapt to changing in-flight conditions based on sound principles of airmanship & risk management.

• Recognize the increased risks associated with flying in inclement weather, at night, over water, and over rugged, mountainous or forested terrain. Take steps to manage those risks effectively and prudently without exceeding personal parameters.

• Develop, use, periodically review and refine personal checklists & personal minimums for all phases of flight ops. Seek input and review of these materials by a certificated flight instructor.

• Commit to making personal wellness a precondition of flying (for example, by using the I’M SAFE checklist before each flight).

• Know your personal susceptibility to hypoxia, carry supplemental oxygen on flights where its use may benefit you or your passengers; and establish oxygen personal minimums—e.g., daytime above 8,000 ft. MSL & night time above 5,000 ft. MSL.

• See and be seen. Employ techniques for seeing other aircraft, e.g., scanning, & techniques to enhance your own visibility to avoid other aircraft, e.g., the use of radio, lights, & strobes (except while taxiing or in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC)).

• Minimize turns and manoeuvres below 500 feet AGL (except as required for landings and obstacle departure procedures).

• Comply with or exceed the requirements for mandatory inspections & Airworthiness Directives (ADs), & voluntarily adhere to manufacturer's recommended inspections, service bulletins, & checklists.
  For cross-country operations, identify alternate landing sites and available fuel along the planned route prior to departure in case deteriorating weather or other emergency circumstances make continued flight unsafe.

• Adhere to applicable flying club/school and FBO/flight centre rules and operating practices.
   

  • Develop and adhere to personal conservative operating parameters, such as the following personal minimums:
    Minimum descent altitude/decision height (MDA/DH) - exercise extreme caution and voluntarily limit approaches where ceilings are under 800 ft. AGL and visibility is under 1 mi. for straight-in approaches or ceilings are under 1,000 ft. AGL and visibility is under 3 mi. for circling approaches. Never execute a circling approach at night unless there is no alternative and you are capable of safely executing such an approach. In deteriorating weather conditions and at night, observe higher minimums.

  • Approaches - limit approaches to a maximum of two (under the same or deteriorating weather conditions) & do not prematurely cancel IFR. In an unstable approach inside the Final Approach Fix in IMC, execute the missed approach procedure.

  • Departures - select a “departure alternate” landing site (for emergency landing just after departure), and depart only in conditions above applicable arrival or departure minimums (unless a nearby airport has an available ILS).

  • Night operations - recognize the increased risks associated with night ops. and fly IFR whenever practical at night (if rated and proficient).

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2. Passengers and People on the Surface
Pilots should:

• maintain passenger safety first and then reasonable passenger comfort,

• manage risks and avoid unnecessary risks to passengers and to people and property on the surface and in other aircraft,

• brief passengers on planned flight procedures and inform them of any significant or unusual risks associated with the flight,

• seek to prevent unsafe conduct by passengers, and

• avoid operations that may alarm or annoy passengers or people on the surface.

Explanation: You are solely responsible for the safety and comfort of your passengers. Passengers place their lives in pilots’ hands, and pilots should exercise sufficient care on their behalf. Such care includes, but is not limited to, disclosing unusual risks, & exercising prudent risk mgmt. Pilot responsibility extends to people on the ground and in other aircraft.

Sample Recommended Practices:

• Keep your passengers as safe as possible—as though they were your closest loved ones.

• Aspire to act toward your passengers with professionalism.

• Seek to improve safety margins, and always act conservatively to maintain flight safety.

• Tactfully disclose risks to each passenger and accept a prospective passenger’s decision to refrain from participating.

• Require that passengers wear seat belts and shoulder harnesses, and consider the use of headsets (or ear plugs) during flight operations.

• Provide an instructive passenger briefing in advance of the anticipated flight.

• Determine the applicable experience, background and concerns of each passenger and incorporate them into the pre-flight briefing and flight activities.

• Become familiar with, and if feasible, consider obtaining favourable insurance coverage for passengers, and urge passengers to do so too.

• Instruct passengers to avoid touching or obstructing critical flight controls.

• Encourage passengers to serve as safety resources – for example, by having them identify nearby aircraft, organize charts, and keep track of landmarks.

• Screen unfamiliar passengers for safety & security purposes.

• If practicable, favour precision approaches over non-precision approaches when carrying passengers.

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3. Training and Proficiency
Pilots should:

• participate in training to maintain and improve proficiency beyond minimum legal requirements,

• participate in flight safety education programmes,

• act with vigilance and avoid complacency,

• train to recognize and deal effectively with emergencies, and

• accurately log hours flown and manoeuvres practiced to satisfy training and currency requirements.

Explanation: Training and proficiency underlie aviation safety. Recurrent training is a major component of flight safety. Such training includes both air and ground training. Each contributes significantly to flight safety and neither can substitute for the other. Training sufficient to promote flight safety may well exceed what is required by law.

Sample Recommended Practices:

• Pursue a rigorous, life-long course of aviation study.

• Follow and periodically review programs of study or series of training exercises to improve proficiency. Adhere to a training plan that will yield new ratings, certificates and endorsements—or at the very least, greater flight proficiency.

• Train for flight in unique environments such as over water, remote or desert, and mountainous terrain. Train for survival and carry adequate survival equipment.

• Know your aircraft’s performance limitations, how to plan flights and determine fuel requirements.

• Understand and use appropriate procedures in the event radio communications are lost.

• Achieve and maintain proficiency in the efficient and functional operation of technology-intensive aviation equipment.

• Know current aviation regulations and understand their implications & rationale. Spend time each month reviewing the aviation regulations.

• Understand and comply with the privileges and limitations of your pilot certificate.

• Attend aviation training programs offered by industry organizations or your civil aviation authority.

• Participate in the civil aviation authority Pilot Proficiency Award Programmes if available.

• Keep up to date with diverse and relevant aviation pubs.

• Study and develop a practical knowledge of aviation weather.

• Each month, review reports of recent or nearby accidents or incidents, focusing on contributing factors.

• Demonstrate conformance to applicable civil aviation authority practical test standards periodically, and complete additional training as necessary to exceed those minimum standards.

• Before attempting a cross-country flight or carrying passengers in an unfamiliar aircraft, complete at least one training flight in that unfamiliar-aircraft model, and discern differences among similar aircraft (that is, same make and model but varying tail numbers).

• Avoid practicing manoeuvres near highly populated areas.

• Seek to fly at least once every two weeks and at least one night a month, to include at least three night take-offs and landings, or else refrain from flying at night.

• Develop a practical understanding of the mechanics and systems of each aircraft you fly.

• Join a “type club” appropriate to the aircraft you fly to learn more about it (e.g., the Cessna Pilots Association, Cirrus Owners and Pilots Association, the Malibu Mirage Owners and Pilots Association, the Piper Owners Society or other aircraft-specific club).

• Complete the equivalent of a Flight Review annually rather than every two years and, if instrument rated, an instrument proficiency check (IPC) every six months.

• Maintain currency including for day, night, and IFR operations that exceeds minimum regulatory requirements.

• Register with your civil aviation authority for safety meeting announcements and safety literature.

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4. Security
Pilots should:

• seek to maintain the security of all persons and property associated with their aviation activities,

• remain vigilant and immediately report suspicious, reckless or illegal activities,

• secure their aircraft to prevent unauthorized use, and

• avoid special-use airspace except when approved or necessary in an emergency.

Explanation: This Section addresses preventing criminal acts and promoting national security. The events of 9/11 have had a profound impact on aviation in many countries and have created demands for responsive action. Enhanced security awareness in many countries by aviators is a stark new reality for the GA community. Accordingly, this section responds proactively to various new threats and vulnerabilities.

Sample Recommended Practices:

• Check thoroughly for temporary flight restrictions before every flight and in-flight during long flights.

• Use a transponder (with alt. encoding) whenever authorized.

• Use additional or enhanced locks or other anti-theft mechanisms to secure all aircraft.

• When carrying passengers who are not well known to the pilot, examine passenger carry-on bags for dangerous materials.

• Confirm that ramp access gates are closed securely behind you to prevent “tailgating” by unauthorized persons.

• Become familiar with Airport Watch or similar organisations and other means to report and deter suspicious activities.

• Report flight safety hazards or anomalies (such as inoperative VORs and poor radio coverage) and security concerns to the appropriate authorities.

• Use VFR “flight following” (in Europe, “Flight Information Service”) when practicable.

• Avoid deviating from an active flight plan (both IFR and VFR) or from a clearance without notifying ATC.

• Consider flying IFR (if rated) whenever practicable.

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5. Environmental Issues

Pilots should:

• recognize and seek to mitigate the environmental impact of aircraft operations,

• minimize the discharge of fuel, oil, and other chemicals into the environment, particularly during refuelling, pre-flight preparations, and servicing,

• avoid environmentally sensitive areas, and

• mitigate aircraft noise in populated or other noise-sensitive areas and comply with applicable noise-abatement procedures.

Explanation: Mitigation of pollution caused by aviation activities is important both to the general public, to minimize harm to the environment, and to the GA community, to avoid unfavourable public perceptions. Indeed, environmental issues such as noise pollution can close airports and otherwise jeopardize GA. Other environmental impacts of GA have garnered less attention but nevertheless deserve emphasis.

Sample Recommended Practices:

• Use a Gasoline Analysis Test Separator jar for all fuel sampling and return fuel samples to the fuel tanks or dispose of them properly.

• Learn and adopt environmentally responsible methods for all aspects of aircraft care, especially degreasing aircraft and handling run-off.

• Learn relevant applicable local noise abatement procedures and adhere to them whenever it is safe to do so.

• Be aware of the noise signature of your aircraft, and follow procedures to reduce noise, such as reducing engine power and propeller RPM, as soon as practicable after takeoff.

• Conform to recommended practices (such as those of the National Park Service) when flying near wilderness and environmentally sensitive areas. Consider the impact of aircraft on wildlife and people on the surface.

• Patronize service providers (such as FBOs, repair services and aircraft cleaners) that adhere to environmentally friendly practices.

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6. Use of Technology
Pilots should:

• become familiar with and properly use appropriate available cost-effective technologies,

• monitor applicable airport advisory frequencies and report position when approaching non-towered or unattended airports and other higher-risk areas,

• use transponders or next-generation position-indicating technologies during in-flight operations unless otherwise authorized by ATC, inoperable, or not equipped, and use ATC “flight following” for VFR enroute operations, and

• carry redundant transceivers and navigational equipment and use them in appropriate circumstances.

Explanation: Innovative, compact, inexpensive technologies have greatly expanded the capabilities of GA aircraft. This Section encourages the use of such safety-enhancing technologies.

Sample Recommended Practices:

• Use radios and transponders consistently, except when not authorized.

• When practicable, invest in new technologies that advance flight safety, and train to use them properly. Learn and understand the features and limitations of such technologies.

• Keep a back-up (portable or permanently installed) radio/navigation aid accessible (including extra batteries or a back-up power supply) during all flight operations.

• Maintain all avionics and flight instruments to keep them operational, current and approved for the intended flight.

• Recognize that programming navigation systems in flight may distract pilots from other pilot duties and increase programming errors.

• Avoid programming navigation systems while taxiing (for single-pilot operations).

• Maintain competency and proficiency in “conventional” flight planning and ops. to enhance flight safety in the event of the failure or unavailability of advanced technologies or services.

• Whenever practicable, avoid flying in or near level 2 (or higher) weather radar returns, especially when convection is present or expected.

• In IMC and at night, operate with an operational autopilot or a qualified second pilot if possible.

• In IMC, operate with attitude-indicator (AI) system redundancy if practicable and maintain partial-panel proficiency.

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7. Advancement and Promotion of General Aviation
Pilots should:

• advance and promote general aviation, safety, and adherence to the Code of Conduct,

• volunteer in and contribute to organizations that promote general aviation, and use their aviation skills to contribute to society at large,

• demonstrate appreciation for aviation service providers,

• advance a general aviation culture that values openness, humility, positive attitudes, and the pursuit of personal improvement, and
  promote ethical behaviour within the GA community.

Explanation: General aviation has a well-recognized (and undeserved) public relations problem that is, in many respects, worsening. Vigilance and responsive action by the GA community are essential to ensure GA vitality and to enhance the GA experience for both you and for others.

Sample Recommended Practices:

• Strive to conform fully to the Code of Conduct.

• Serve as a GA ambassador to the public by providing accurate information and refuting misinformation concerning GA activities, and by encouraging potential student pilots.

• Volunteer in support of general aviation.

• Make charitable use of your aviation resources (for example, by transporting persons seeking medical care or donating flight time to youth and environmental programs).

• Express appreciation to controllers and service personnel for their assistance and good service.

• Participate in aviation-related fund-raising events.

• Invite constructive criticism from your fellow aviators (and provide the same when asked).

• Adhere to the highest ethical principles in all aviation dealings, including business practices.

• Seek to resolve disputes informally and congenially.

Notice

The Pilot Friends implementation is a customized version of the Aviators’ Model Code of Conduct created by Michael S. Baum.  ©2003-2006 Michael S. Baum.  All Rights Reserved.  Terms of Use are available at  http://www.secureav.com .

Pilots and the aviation community may use the Aviators’ Model Code of Conduct as a resource for code of conduct development, although it is recommended that this be supported by independent research on the suitability of its principles for specific or local applications and situations.  It is not intended to provide legal advice and must not be relied upon as such. 

Edits, Errata, Comments

The Aviators’ Model Code of Conduct is a living document, intended to be updated periodically to reflect changes in aviation practices and the aviation environment.  Please send your suggestions, edits, errata, questions and comments to:  PEB@secureav.com . 

Acknowledgments

The Aviators’ Model Code of Conduct has had the benefit of extensive editorial comment and suggestions by a diverse body of the GA community, and beyond.  See “Acknowledgments” at  http://www.secureav.com .  The Permanent Editorial Board of the Code of Conduct is presented at  http://secureav.com/PEB.pdf .