Greece achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1829. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories, most with Greek-speaking populations. In World War II, Greece was first invaded by Italy (1940) and subsequently occupied by Germany (1941-44); fighting endured in a protracted civil war between supporters of the king and Communist rebels. Following the latter's defeat in 1949, Greece joined NATO in 1952. A military dictatorship, which in 1967 suspended many political liberties and forced the king to flee the country, lasted seven years. The 1974 democratic elections and a referendum created a parliamentary republic and abolished the monarchy. In 1981 Greece joined the EC (now the EU); it became the 12th member of the euro zone in 2001.

Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey

39 00 N, 22 00 E

total: 131,940 sq km
land: 130,800 sq km
water: 1,140 sq km

total: 1,228 km
border countries: Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, Macedonia 246 km

13,676 km

territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers

mostly mountains with ranges extending into the sea as peninsulas or chains of islands

lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Olympus 2,917 m

lignite, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, lead, zinc, nickel, magnesite, marble, salt, hydropower potential

arable land: 20.45%
permanent crops: 8.59%
other: 70.96% (2005)

14,530 sq km (2003)

severe earthquakes

air pollution; water pollution

strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about 2,000 islands

10,688,058 (July 2006 est.)

0-14 years: 14.3% (male 790,291/female 742,902)
15-64 years: 66.7% (male 3,562,251/female 3,566,097)
65 years and over: 19% (male 891,620/female 1,134,897) (2006 est.)

total: 40.8 years
male: 39.7 years
female: 42 years (2006 est.)

0.18% (2006 est.)

9.68 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)

10.24 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)

2.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2006 est.)

total: 5.43 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 5.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.86 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)

total population: 79.24 years
male: 76.72 years
female: 81.91 years (2006 est.)

1.34 children born/woman (2006 est.)

0.2% (2001 est.)

9,100 (2001 est.)

less than 100 (2003 est.)

noun: Greek(s)
adjective: Greek

Greek 98%, other 2%
note: the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in Greece

Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7%

Greek 99% (official), English, French

definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.5%
male: 98.6%
female: 96.5% (2003 est.)

women, men, and children are trafficked to and within Greece for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor

conventional long form: Hellenic Republic
conventional short form: Greece
local long form: Elliniki Dhimokratia
local short form: Ellas or Ellada
former: Kingdom of Greece

parliamentary republic; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974

Athens

51 prefectures (nomoi, singular - nomos) and 1 autonomous region*; Achaia, Agion Oros* (Mt. Athos), Aitolia kai Akarnania, Argolis, Arkadia, Arta, Attiki, Chalkidiki, Chanion, Chios, Dodekanisos, Drama, Evros, Evrytania, Evvoia, Florina, Fokidos, Fthiotis, Grevena, Ileia, Imathia, Ioannina, Irakleion, Karditsa, Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkyra, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Kyklades, Lakonia, Larisa, Lasithi, Lefkas, Lesvos, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Preveza, Rethynnis, Rodopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakynthos

1829 (from the Ottoman Empire)

Independence Day, 25 March (1821)

11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001

based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and administrative courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

unicameral Parliament or Vouli ton Ellinon (300 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: elections last held 7 March 2004 (next to be held by March 2008)
election results: percent of vote by party - ND 45.4%, PASOK 40.6%, KKE 5.9%, Synaspismos 3.3%; seats by party - ND 165, PASOK 117, KKE 12, Synaspismos 6

Supreme Judicial Court; Special Supreme Tribunal; all judges appointed for life by the president after consultation with a judicial council

Greece has a capitalist economy with the public sector accounting for about 40% of GDP and with per capita GDP at least 75% of the leading euro-zone economies. Tourism provides 15% of GDP. Immigrants make up nearly one-fifth of the work force, mainly in menial jobs. Greece is a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 3.3% of annual GDP. The Greek economy grew by about 4.0% for the between 2003 and 2005, largely because of an investment boom and infrastructure upgrades for the 2004 Athens Olympic Games. Economic growth slowed to about 3% in 2005. Greece has not met the EU's Growth and Stability Pact budget deficit criteria of 3% of GDP since 2000. Public debt, inflation, and unemployment are above the euro-zone average. To overcome these challenges, the Greek Government is expected to continue cutting government spending, reducing the size of the public sector, and reforming the labor and pension systems.

$243.3 billion (2005 est.)

$210.7 billion (2005 est.)

3.3% (2005 est.)

$22,800 (2005 est.)

agriculture: 6.2%
industry: 22.1%
services: 71.7% (2005 est.)

4.72 million (2005 est.)

agriculture: 12%
industry: 20%
services: 68% (2004 est.)

10.8% (2005 est.)

lowest 10%: 3%
highest 10%: 28.3% (1998 est.)

35.1 (2003)

3.8% (2005 est.)

25.3% of GDP (2005 est.)

revenues: $94.13 billion
expenditures: $103.4 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est.)

108.9% of GDP (2005 est.)

wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; beef, dairy products

tourism, food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products; mining, petroleum

1.7% (2005 est.)

54.56 billion kWh (2003)

53.5 billion kWh (2005 est.)

2.1 billion kWh (2002)

4.2 billion kWh (2002)

5,805 bbl/day (2003 est.)

435,700 bbl/day (2005 est.)

84,720 bbl/day (2001)

468,300 bbl/day (2001)

4.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)

27 million cu m (2003 est.)

2.34 billion cu m (2005 est.)

0 cu m (2001 est.)

2.018 billion cu m (2001 est.)

991.1 million cu m (1 January 2002)

-$14.5 billion (2005 est.)

$18.54 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

food and beverages, manufactured goods, petroleum products, chemicals, textiles

Germany 13%, Italy 10.2%, UK 7.5%, Bulgaria 6.3%, US 5.3%, Cyprus 4.6%, Turkey 4.5%, France 4.2% (2004)

$48.2 billion f.o.b. (2005 est.)

machinery, transport equipment, fuels, chemicals

Germany 13.3%, Italy 12.8%, France 6.4%, Netherlands 5.5%, Russia 5.5%, US 4.4%, UK 4.2%, South Korea 4.1% (2004)

$2.3 billion (2005 est.)

$75.1 billion (2005 est.)

$8 billion from EU (2000-06)

euro (EUR)
note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

calendar year

6,348,800 (2004)

9,305,700 (2004)

general assessment: adequate, modern networks reach all areas; good mobile telephone and international service
domestic: microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open-wire connections; submarine cable to offshore islands
international: country code - 30; tropospheric scatter; 8 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)

AM 26, FM 88, shortwave 4 (1998)

36 (plus 1,341 low-power repeaters); also two stations in the US Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (1995)

.gr

414,724 (2005)

3.8 million (2005)

82 (2005)

total: 67
over 3,047 m: 5
2,438 to 3,047 m: 16
1,524 to 2,437 m: 19
914 to 1,523 m: 17
under 914 m: 10 (2005)

total: 15
914 to 1,523 m: 3
under 914 m: 12 (2005)

8 (2005)

gas 1,166 km; oil 94 km (2004)

total: 2,571 km (764 km electrified)
standard gauge: 1,565 km 1.435-m gauge
narrow gauge: 961 km 1.000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge
dual gauge: 23 km combined 1.435 m and 1.000-m gauges (three rail system) (2004)

total: 116,470 km
paved: 106,920 km (including 880 km of expressways)
unpaved: 9,550 km (1999)

6 km
note: Corinth Canal (6 km) crosses the Isthmus of Corinth; shortens sea voyage by 325 km (2006)

total: 813 ships (1000 GRT or over) 30,656,860 GRT/52,298,434 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 272, cargo 61, chemical tanker 42, combination ore/oil 1, container 44, liquefied gas 4, passenger 12, passenger/cargo 120, petroleum tanker 239, roll on/roll off 17, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 21 (Belgium 11, Chile 1, Sweden 1, UK 8)
registered in other countries: 2,338 (The Bahamas 217, Barbados 11, Belgium 4, Bermuda 1, Cambodia 7, Cayman Islands 22, Comoros 8, Cyprus 352, Denmark 1, Dominica 3, Egypt 6, French Southern and Antarctic Lands 2, Georgia 5, Gibraltar 9, Honduras 3, Hong Kong 28, India 1, Isle of Man 43, Italy 6, Jamaica 5, North Korea 1, Lebanon 2, Liberia 229, Malta 515, Marshall Islands 179, Panama 536, Philippines 7, Portugal 4, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 84, Sao Tome and Principe 1, Singapore 8, Slovakia 5, Syria 1, UAE 2, UK 7, US 3, Uruguay 1, Vanuatu 1, Venezuela 2, unknown 15) (2005)

Agioitheodoroi, Aspropyrgos, Irakleion, Pachi, Peiraiefs, Thessaloniki

Hellenic Army (Ellinikos Stratos, ES), Hellenic Navy (Ellinikos Polemiko Navtiko, EPN), Hellenic Air Force (Ellinikos Polemiki Aeroporia, EPA) (2006)

Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia

a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece; money laundering related to drug trafficking and organized crime